Which of the following best defines engineering?

The definition of engineering specifically relates to the use of mathematical and scientific principles to innovate and create solutions to complex problems. This encompasses a wide range of activities, from designing structures and systems to developing new technologies. Engineering integrates knowledge from various fields—such as physics, chemistry, and mathematics—to develop practical solutions that meet societal needs.

While studying historic buildings and applying art in design are important in their own contexts, they do not capture the essence of engineering as a discipline focused on problem-solving through empirical and theoretical foundations. Similarly, the development of financial models, although analytical, falls more under the realm of finance or economics rather than engineering, which is fundamentally centered around the application of science and math to create functional solutions and systems.

By emphasizing the marriage of mathematical rigor and scientific understanding, the correct choice underscores the core of what defines engineering as a transformative and applied field.